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Literacy, commonly considered the ability to read and write at a designated level of proficiency. Literacy is more precisely defined as a technical capability to decode or reproduce written or printed signs, symbols, or letters combined into words. Traditionally, literacy has been closely associated with the alphabet and its role in written communication. Literacy has also traditionally been contrasted with oral communication. However, it has become increasingly common to refer to different forms of literacy, …

…in developing nations, but educational programs for adults have also been effective. The success of programs to promote literacy has varied widely. Some programs, such as those in Cuba, Tanzania, Nicaragua, and China have been highly successful in reducing illiteracy rates. Others have so far accomplished little. Despite widespread support for literacy efforts, large numbers of people in developing countries still have little access to basic education, and literacy rates in these regions remain low.