Politics and War Chronology
Politics and War Chronology
1434-1464
Cosimo de' Medici rules Republic of Florence as "first citizen".
1448-53
Series of victories wins back for France almost all the previous English gains. End of Hundred Years' War.
1449
Birth of Lorenzo de' Medici.
1450
Mercenary leader, Francesco Sforza, seizes power in Milan.
1453
Byzantine Empire conquered by the Turks. The capture of Constantinople by Turks leads to large numbers of teachers, scholars, and books coming to Italy.
1455-85
Long civil wars …
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…warn of the Spanish Armada invasion fleet. In about 18 minutes, the message had traveled across the country.
1598
Henry VI, first Bourbon king of France, grants toleration to Protestants.
1609
Twelve Year Truce. Spain acknowledges Holland's independence.
1618-1648
Thirty Years' War begins in Germany. War spreads throughout Europe as part of Franco-Spanish rivalry.
1648
Peace of Wetphalia ends war in Germany. (In 1659, Peace of the Pyrenees ends Franco-Spanish war. Confirms Spanish decline and the beginning of France's rise.)
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