PhilosophY
Philosophy is the oldest form of systematic, scholarly inquiry. The name comes
from the Greek philosophos, "lover of wisdom." The term, however, has acquired
several related meanings: (1) the study of the truths or principles underlying
all knowledge, being, and reality; (2) a particular system of philosophical
doctrine; (3) the critical evaluation of such fundamental doctrines; (4) the
study of the principles of a particular branch of knowledge; (5) a system of
principles for guidance in practical affairs; and (6) a
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be understood either logically or in terms of natural science. A
third great 17th-century rationalist was Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz. The
basic unit of his metaphysics, equivalent to a substance, was the monad, a
center of force or energy. Each monad was internally determined by its
definition. Monads could not interact, but, due to a "preestablished harmony,"
the action in one monad coincided with that in another. God chose the monads
in the world s
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