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KINGS AND LORDS France England Germany After the year 1000, conditions in Europe again changed-this time for the better. The Vikings no longer endangered life and property. The Muslims no longer threatened western Europe. Instead, the European Christians carried war to the Muslim lands in the east with a series of "wars for the cross," or Crusades. But the most important change after 1000 resulted from the success that kings in several countries had in bringing the …

…particular occupation. The shoe- makers' guild, for example, wanted to make sure that there were never more shoemakers in a particular town than could make a good living there. They would allow only a limited number of boys each year to begin learning the trade as apprentices. They also often made it difficult for a young man to set up a shop of his own as a master shoemaker after he had learned the trade.