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Bioengineering, or genetic engineering is an altering of genes in a particular species for a particular outcome. It involves taking genes from their normal location in one organism and either transferring them elsewhere or putting them back into the original organism in different combinations. Most biomolecules exist in low concentrations and as complex, mixed populations which it is not possible to work efficiently. This problem was solved in 1970 using a bug, Escherichia coli, a normally …

…creation of useful sites for cloning · Insertion of sequences which not only allow but greatly increase the expression of cloned genes in bacterial, animal and plant cells. · The ability to take a gene from one organism (e.g. man or tree), clone E. coli and express it in another (e.g. a yeast) is dependent on the universality of the genetic code, i.e. the triplets of bases which encode amino acids in proteins: ----------------