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Biography of Tewfik PashaName: Tewfik PashaBirth Date: 1852 Death Date: 1892 Place of Birth: Egypt Nationality: Egyptian Gender: Male Occupations: ruler Tewfik Pasha The khedive of Egypt Tewfik Pasha (1852-1892) was a mild-mannered and unfortunate young ruler during a crucial period in Egyptian history, the time of the British occupation in 1882 and the important first decade of British overrule.Tewfik Pasha was the eldest son of the khedive Ismail, whose vainglorious ambitions and economic adventures had led to Egyptian bankruptcy in 1876 and his deposition as khedive by the Ottoman sultan in 1879. Tewfik, only 27 years old, replaced his father as Egyptian ruler. Caught immediately between the Anglo-French demands for financial conservatism and stability and the growing Egyptian nationalist movement insisting on the reduction of foreign influence in Egypt, Tewfik never secured real power. He was young, inexperienced, and indecisive; the British and French financial supervisors, in effect, ruled Egypt.The pace of events in Egypt moved rapidly following Tewfik's accession as titular khedive in 1879 to confrontation between the Anglo-French supervisors, who refused to grant the …showed first 150 words…
…showed last 150 words…question the conservative policies of Maj. Evelyn Baring (Lord Cromer), the first British consul general and thus the ranking British administrator in Egypt. Lord Cromer's main objective was to pay off the debt and its interest, and he ignored social and economic issues. Tewfik offered little opposition. He was succeeded upon his death by his son Abbas Hilmi. Further Reading There is no biographical study of Tewfik Pasha, but see Mary Rowlatt, Founders of Modern Egypt (1962), and the classic exposé by Wilfrid S. Blunt, Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt (1922), for the nationalist movement and the early years of his rule. For the first decade of British overrule see Evelyn B. Cromer, Modern Egypt (1908). An excellent interpretation by an Egyptian is Afaf Lufti al-Sayyid, Egypt and Cromer: A Study in Anglo-Egyptian Relations (1968). A good recent monograph is Robert L. Tignor, Modernization and British Colonial Rule in Egypt, 1882-1914 (1966). |